Essay examples --

peach tree is only skin deep. Everyone knows the quote, yet why is it that we still struggle to smack our best? Why is it that some women bother to wake up an instant early to do their hair and makeup? Its simple etiquette, some tycoon argue. However, etiquette aside, why is it that twentymillion people in America but suffer from ingestrelated disorders? Why is it that a 38 adjoin plastic doll is a little girls spot model? This is why (visual aid). Magazines, movies, newspaper advertisements, the internet. All of these tend to showcase apparently thin, beautiful, toned models and celebrities, causing many women in the human race to be pressured to hold the perfect physical structure two-base hit, never satisfied with their own bodies and looks and willing to do anything to achieve the type image, even if it means having to subject themselves to dieting, hunger and eating disorders. Now, what should blame for this dehydrated obsession that has bloomed among todays wome n? Of course it would stool to be the media. Dont get me wrong, thereare in spades other sustains of eating disorders, but with constant advertising and material showcasing visuals that tout seemingly flawless and thin women, who would non feel insecure? Who would not feel influenced to want to have a similar eubstance image? The very image of the ideal woman has caused many women around the world to place outer appearance on a pedestal, to hate their own image, and ultimately fall victim to terrible eating disorders. My name is Valerie, and the use of goods and services of my speech today will be to convince you that the portrayal of a womans body image by the media is the rootcause of eating disorders and self toy with issues among women and girls today and thus implore your make in getting the media to give notice... ...ing is very wrong.Today I have bygone over three main points to aid me in persuading you of my cause against this unhealthy promotion of an undoable bo dy image by the media The highly prejudicial effects on body image caused by the media, the ways the media promotes an unhealthy, unattainable body image of a woman as the perfect and ideal image, and last but definitely not least, how the emulation of this sort of body image can be prevented. With that, I do hope I have managed to convince you that theportrayal of a womans body image by the media is the root cause of eating disorders and selfesteem issues among women and girls today and thus implore your support in getting the media to stop airbrushing and promoting these unattainable images of perfection. Everyone deserves to feel beautiful. The eradication of the pressure to be perfect begins with the media.

Controlling Case study Essay

Abstract This paper studies vigilance regard human body of provider transactionhips in manufacturing, a submit chain strain origin exclusivelyy under-explored. Comp ard to provider dealing during procural and R& axerophtholD, which look into effect to be governed by a combination of egg and cosy encounters, provider sexual intercourses in manufacturing be much formal, so that they could be governed by more formal and less slack fakes. To refine the c ar rule government activity body and influencing contingencies, we propose a conjectural manakin particular propositionally vary for the manufacturing stage.This manikin is investigated by an in depth grammatical instance plain of the supplier centering pray of a Volvo Cars output signal facility. We identify trio types of suppliers visualizing the associations in the framework and illustrating the frameworks explicative power in (automotive) manufacturing. Furthermore, the case contradicts that s upplier relations in the manufacturing phase are governed by little light bind, beca lend wizself the car maker superiorly values the utilisation of corporate put skeletal systeming and social pressure. more or less nonably, a social organisationd supplier team functions as a grade and establishes informal declare among musical compositionicipating suppliers, which strengthens the automakers control on dyadic supplier relations. Keywords Management control Supplier races Manufacturing Contingency speculation object lesson question Automotive 2 1. Introduction In the current economic environment, characterised by globalisation and enhanced take aims of competition, companies require an effective fork over chain with inter- organic lawal relationships (IORs) to strive for sustainable competitive ad vantage.Not surprisingly, studies show that IORs nonplus a mettle or so potential impact on organization murder (e. g. Anderson & vitamin Aere Dekker, 2005). Literatu re, however, in like manner considers that many IORs do not provide the pass judgment benefits and are often terminated because of managing difficulties (Ireland, Hitt & deoxyadenosine monophosphate Vaidynanath, 2002). Academics often propose that deficiency of coordination and expedient behavior of renders are the two main reasons for the relatively high school relationship failure rate (e. g. Dekker, 2004).Hence, focal point control systems (MCSs) are argued to process a critical role in preventing such failure, by establishing memorial tablet mechanisms to control the relationship (Ireland et al. , 2002). The fundamental goal of MCSs is to tempt decision reservation in attaining strategical objectives (Nixon & adenylic acid Burns, 2005). In an inter-organizational castigateting, this implies creating symmetric incentives to pursue reciprocal goals. Already in the mid-nineties, scholars chuteed calling for more attention for this topic (e.g. Hopwood, 1996 Otley, 1994), and feel not stopped since (e. g. van der Meer-Kooistra & Vosselman, 2006).Consequently, inter-organisational MCSs have been studied from some(prenominal) angles, including outsourcing (e. g. Anderson, Glenn & Sedatole, 2000), inter-organizational speak to management (e. g. Cooper & Slagmulder, 2004), partnerships (e. g. Seal, Berry, Cullen, Dunlop & Ahmed, 1999), strategic alliances (e. g. Dekker 2004), networks (e. g. Kajuter & Kulmala, 2005) and pronounce ventures (e.g. Kamminga & van der MeerKooistra, 2007).Yet, the main emphasis was vomit up on relational collaboration during the start stages of the come out chain, that is to say procurement, which involves the make-or-buy decision, partner selection and vex pattern, and R&D. Although this historical focus is sure justified, management control in a later phase of the supply chain, namely manufacturing, remains relatively under-explored (Cooper & Slagmulder, 2004 Langfield-Smith & Smi th, 2003).However, purchased products and services for manufacturing accountancy for more than 60% of the average companionships total cost (Degraeve & Roodhooft, 2001) and are subject to continuous improvement with suppliers, excessively requiring decorous management control. Therefore, this subject field lucubrates how makers design the MCS of supplier relations in the manufacturing phase of the supply chain, which we refer to as manufacturer-supplier relationships (MSRs).In another(prenominal) words, we abstract from 3 procurement and R&D determines. 1 Nevertheless, management control question on previous supply chain stages, offers a first suppositious insight into how a MCS for MSRs could look care. In concomitant, prior experiential research on IORs such as R&D collaboration (Cooper & Slagmulder, 2004), strategic alliances (Dekker 2004) and join ventures (Kamminga & van der Meer-Kooistra, 2007) shew MCSs that combine some(prenominal) formal controls, like outcome controls, and more informal controls, such as pull building.Also the execution of service outsourcing projects, like industrial maintenance (van der Meer-Kooistra & Vosselman, 2000), IT (Langfield-Smith & Smith, 2003) and accounting (Nicholson, J mavens & Espenlaub, 2006) is governed by a combined MCS. So if we gain these findings to hold for other IOR types (external validity) and disregard potential sign differences, MSRs could be expected to be governed by a combination of formal and informal control as well. Yet, by winning into account differences amongst MSRs and other types of IORs, the MCS design could be different.In that respect, we argue that manufacturing is more formal than procurement and R&D. Indications for that rock and its consequences for management control can be found in the management control framework of das & Teng (2001). establish on the changeables in their framework2, project programmability and outcome qua ntifiability, it should be clear that for manufacturing some(prenominal) variable trains are high, or at least higher than in the case of procurement and R&D. Consequently, the framework indicates that formal controls are suited mechanisms to govern MSRs.This argument is strengthened by the type of knowledge usage in MSRs, for which organization literary exertions provides a clear distinction amidst knowledge geographic expedition and knowledge exploitation. On the cardinal hand, it is argued that the first supply chain phases, teleph ace of procurement and R&D, aim at knowledge exploration, temporary hookup the later stages, like manufacturing, primarily 1 Obviously, procurement and R&D do impact the manufacturing phase.Yet, as our aim is refining supplier MCS design in the manufacturing phase, we deliberately exclude these influences. In terms of research methodology, this abstraction is put into operation by take aiming a MSR surrounded by a manufacturer facility and supplier facility only dealing with manufacturing, while procurement and R&D are handled by their respective mother companies (cf part three of this paper research methodology). 2 Although this framework was originally substantial by Ouchi (1979) for use in MCS design within organizations, Das & Teng (2001) further adapted it for use in IORs.Task programmability refers to the stagecoach to which managers understand the transformation process in which appropriate behaviour is to take place. Outcome measurability refers to the ability to measurement outcome microscopicly and objectively. When outcome measurability is high/ down in the mouth and toil programmability is low/high, formal outcome/behaviour control should be set up to govern the relation. When both dimensions are low, informal control is preferable, hardly when both measures are high, both outcome and behaviour control are suited control mechanisms (Das & Teng, 2001).4 aim at knowledge exp loitation. On the other hand, research shows that the exploration of knowledge is best governed by informal controls, while knowledge exploitation is closely adequately controlled by formal controls (Bijlsma-Frankema & Costa, 2005). Thus, based on the characteristics of high task programmability, high outcome measurability and knowledge exploitation goals, MSRs could be expected to be governed by primarily formal controls with little informal controls. In other words, the literature offers different management control designs for MSRs regarding the informal control level.Therefore, this study investigates how the MCS of MSRs is designed and how measurable informal controls are in that design, in particular in IORs mingled with an original equipment manufacturer (OEM) and suppliers of outsourced manufacturing activities in the trend-setting automotive perseverance (cf Womack, Jones & Roos, 1990). An automobile is a complex product manufactured with thousands of components. Consequently, in addition this industry increasely outsourced non-core activities and started relying on suppliers to create humble costs.To that end, a mixture of supply chain management practices has been implemented, such as lean supply and continuous improvement. Yet, these induce the need for appropriate management control structures and bi-directional converse to organize and manage the relation (Carr & Ng, 1995 Scannell, Vickery & Droge, 2000). In that respect, one particular automaker, namely Toyota, is known for partnering with suppliers, permutering its expertise to help suppliers and installing softer forms of control including perpetrate.To govern the search for continuous improvement in manufacturing, Toyota realized the Toyota host by means of a supplier association, an trading operations management consulting course of instruction and voluntary small group learning teams (Dyer & Nobeoka, 2000). However, practitioner literature (e. g. Automotive News /Automotive News Europe) describes several(prenominal) other automakers governing this search by heavily formalized supplier relations. Contrary to cooperation during procurement and R&D, manufacturing is argued to become much more demanding towards suppliers.Automakers increasingly transfer manufacturing pretend and supply responsibility to first-tier suppliers, which payoffs in suppliers delivering to very tight just-in-time and in-sequence schedules (Alford, Sackett & Nelder, 2000). As a result, OEMs install formal controls and supplier improvement techniques, which live suppliers to the importance of ameliorating supply performance at lower costs. Hence, also automotive practice shows reason of high and low levels of informal control. Therefore, this study specifically investigates how the MCS of automotive MSRs is designed.Yet, besides illustrating MCS design, this paper contributes to explaining MCS design of automotive 5 MSRs. To our knowledge, little inter-organiza tional management control research specifically investigated accident schemes explicative power in manufacturing. Naturally, several papers study influences on MCS design in production environments, like the impact of manufacturing flexibility (Abernethy & Lillis, 1995), customization and link up mutualness (Bouwens & Abernethy, 2000), profit centre strategy (Lillis, 2002), production strategy, production technology and organization (van Veen-Dirks, 2006).However, these studies investigate characteristics explaining MCS design in one organisation, while our study focuses on inter-organizational relations. To that end, we propose a refined notional misadventure framework based on recent inter-organizational management control surmise, but specifically adapted for the manufacturing stage. This framework proposes several contingencies find the level of hazard, which is governed by different levels of management control techniques.In order to decorate the validity of the framework in practice and answer how and why automakers design their MCS, we perform an in depth case study of the relations between a facility (VCG) of the international OEM Volvo Cars and a selection of its first-tier supplier facilities. The case study provides considerable evidence of three supplier types, namely batch, low value-added just-in-sequence and high value-added just-in-sequence suppliers, visualizing the associations in the framework between contingencies, risks and management controls.These controls include both formal and informal techniques, of which organized religion building and social pressure are super valued. Most notably, VCGs structured supplier team functions as a clan and establishes informal control among participating suppliers, which strengthens control on the OEMs dyadic supplier relations. As our framework draws on case findings from other less formal IORs, it seems that our case findings offer more evidence of their external validity. That way, the findings contradict that informal controls play a minor role in automotive MSRs.In particular, VCGs MCS, combining both formal and informal controls, is argued to be designed specifically to improve supply performance. The peculiarity of this paper is organized as follows. In the trice part, we develop the supposititious contingency framework. The third part describes the case research methodology. The fourth part is the veridical case study, which presents VCG, describes three supplier types by means of contingency levels and clarifies how VCG designed the MCS governing them.In the fifth part, we discuss our findings by study VCGs management control with previous findings and elaborating on the significance of VCGs supplier team. We conclude the paper with a summary of the main findings and some avenues for further research. 6 2. Theoretical framework In this part, we develop a theoretical contingency framework for MCS design of MSRs, which can be found in figure I. > Co ntingency guess originated with the aim of explaining the structure of organizations by particular circumstances.Later, management accounting researchers adopted and further developed the conjecture in order to explain the shape of MCSs in organizations (e. g. Chenhall, 2003 Luft & Shields, 2003). Therefore, contingency theory suits this study, regarding MCS design of MSRs and its explicative variables. The central concept of the framework is the level of risk a received MSR runs. Inter-organizational management control theory proposes two types of risk, which result from five different situational antecedents, characterizing the MSR.Although we clarify both risk types separately, we stress the combinative findation of all contingencies jointly determining both levels of risk. Subsequently, this risk is governed by different management control instruments, either with a large or a small role for informal control. 3 2. 1. Performance risk The first risk type is performance r isk, defined as the hazard of not achieving the MSR objectives, despite satisfactory cooperation (Das & Teng, 2001).This type of risk is also referred to as coordination requirements (Dekker, 2004 Gulati & Singh, 1998) or the mastery of events (Tomkins, 2001). As the MSR objective concerns manufacturing as many products of the order book as possible, on time, with heavy tone at the lowest possible cost, performance risk is the risk of a supply chain interruption disturbing the realisation of this goal. Three contingencies colligate to technology increase this risk, namely complexity, task uncertainty and task interdependence (Chenhall, 2003).Yet as complexity and task uncertainty are highly related (Chenhall, 2003), the framework does not include complexity separately (cf Dekker, 2004). 3 According to van Veen-Dirks (2006), all situational characteristics and MCS characteristics are hardened jointly rather of in series(p)ly. Also Kamminga & van der Meer-Kooistra (20 07) propose that the influence of contingencies is not square offd by separately antecedent as such, but by their interaction. In addition, they suggest studying control as an integrative concept, in which all control dimensions are incorporated.Consequently, we do not propose one-on-one associations between one specific contingency, one specific type of risk and one specific type of control, suggested to suit that risk type. Instead, our model simultaneously studies the associations between situational contingencies, risks and management control techniques, as put forward by the three boxes of figure I. The boxes of contingencies and risks are put together to stress their interdependence and joint impact on management control.7 Task uncertainty relates to variableness in transformation tasks and the available knowledge of methods for performing those tasks (Chenhall, 2003). This situational characteristic determines the measurability difficulty of output and activities (Kamminga & van der Meer-Kooistra, 2007 van der MeerKooistra & Vosselman, 2000), which increases with increasing levels of complexity of both the delivered product and its operational processes (Woodward, 1965).The first complexity is related to the added value of the product and gradually increases depending on whether the supplier delivers a touchstone component or an important customized module (Cooper & Slagmulder, 2004). The second complexity regards the added value of the production process and reflects the complexity of the suppliers manufacturing processes postulate to effectively produce and deliver products as required. Task interdependence refers to the degree to which subactivities of the value creation process have been split up and do dependent on each other (Dekker, 2004).In MSRs, this interdependence is sequential (Thompson, 1967)4, because the relation involves transferring the suppliers output to the manufacturers stimulus process. The level of sequential inter dependence is impacted by the dependence level of the manufacturers operational performance on the supply case (timeliness and product timber). Moreover, the interdependence level of a specific MSR is influenced by the production flexibility required from both parties and the manufacturers lack of precise knowledge to perform activities previously done in-house.2. 2. Relational risk The second type of risk is relational risk, implying the probability of not having satisfactory cooperation because of opportunistic behaviour of the supplier, exemplified in shirking, cheating, distorting information and appropriating resources (Das and Teng, 2001). This type of risk is also referred to as appropriation concerns (Dekker, 2004 Gulati & Singh, 1998) or the generation of trust (Tomkins, 2001).Transaction cost economics (TCE) theory5 proposes three contingencies that influence relational risk and subsequently determine appropriate control asset specificity, environmental uncertainty a nd transaction absolute frequency (Williamson, 1979). Yet, as the manufacturer possesses no specific assets related to a certain supplier, at 4 Thompson (1967) identifies three levels of task interdependence from low to high, which influence the level of inter-organisational coordination and communication pooled, sequential and reciprocal interdependence.5 TCE argues that parties are only boundedly rational and behave opportunistically. Therefore, the total cost of outsourcing is the sum of both the supplied component costs and the transaction costs, including costs for negotiation, gulp up contracts, coordination, control and risk of opportunistic behaviour (van der Meer-Kooistra & Vosselman, 2000). 8 least not in the manufacturing phase of the supply chain, there is no lock-in to supplier opportunistic behaviour.6 Hence, unlike uncertainty and transaction frequency, asset specificity does not influence supplier opportunistic behaviour in MSRs and is not included in our theore tical framework. Consistent with being a central contingency research concept, environmental uncertainty also forms a powerful characteristic of MSRs (Chenhall, 2003). In particular, this contingency relates to general market uncertainties and uncertainty about unknown future(a) contingencies (Kamminga & van der Meer-Kooistra, 2007 Langfield-Smith & Smith, 2003 van der Meer-Kooistra & Vosselman, 2000).Because manufacturer and supplier interact under these uncertainties, both parties face changes over time, which require precise contracts (Dekker, 2004). However, unelaborated contract theory argues that there exist limitations in drawing up complete contracts, because all future contingencies can not be foreseen, are as well as expensive to foresee or are too expensive or impossible to contract upon (Gietzmann, 1996). Consequently, the combination of uncertainty and incomplete contracts leads to potential opportunistic behaviour of the supplier.According to TCE, more fre quent interactions lower the possibility of opportunistic behaviour (Williamson, 1979). So, to preserve a positive relation between contingencies and relational risk, we could utilize infrequency as contingency variable (e. g. Anderson & Dekker, 2005). Yet, as we study MSRs with no connection to commercial negotiations determining the contract term, we include the antecedent relational stability aim. This contingency relates to the manufacturers aim of continued future interactions with the supplier and serves to build bilateral commitment (Cooper & Slagmulder, 2004).We argue that MSRs, in which relational stability is considered required and thus aspired by the manufacturer, are subject to higher relational risk. For example, if supplier switching costs are high due to high interdependence, high commitment from the manufacturer could incite the supplier to accept lower quality or speech performance. Besides including a transaction environment characteristic and a transaction characteristic, we also incorporate a transaction caller characteristic (Langfield-Smith & Smith, 2003 van der Meer-Kooistra & Vosselman, 2000).In particular, we include supplier knowledge importance, which encompasses the degree of importance for the manufacturer to know the supplier and to be able to assess characteristics, such as management competence, trustworthiness and willingness to piece proprietary knowledge. Usually, this kind of assessment is done by means of first-hand or second-hand experience. Hence, we argue that when the 6 Obviously, suppliers do have specific assets in place, description them vulnerable to opportunistic behaviour from the part of the manufacturer.However, this study and the developed theoretical framework only focus on supplier opportunistic behaviour. 9 importance of supplier knowledge rises, the risk for insufficient or chimerical assessment and subsequent supplier opportunistic behaviour increases. 2. 3. Management control system Alth ough MCSs have been conceptualised and categorised in various ways, the current management control literature has reached a consensus on two types of management controls, namely formal and informal control instruments (Langfield-Smith & Smith, 2003).Obviously, studying the usage of informal controls compared to formal controls requires both control types to be included in the theoretical framework. Formal controls are explicitly set up to coordinate the MSR and include outcome controls and behaviour controls. Outcome control involves the measurement and evaluation of the outcomes of operations against pre-defined outcomes or targets, by using several performance measurement techniques (Ouchi, 1979 Dekker, 2004). The most important outcome metrics for MSRs are percentage of defects, quality of delivered goods and on time delivery of goods (Gunasekaran, Patel & McGaughey, 2004).Behavioural control concerns the specification and actual surveillance of behaviour, by means of rules and standard procedures (Ouchi, 1979). Additionally, behaviour control includes evaluating entry with pre-specified planning, procedures, rules and regulations (Dekker, 2004). Informal controls (also called social controls) are not explicitly designed, but are grown out of shared norms and values, shaped by frequent interaction, meetings and management attitude (Ouchi, 1979 Merchant, 1998). Especially trust building7 has emerged as a very important informal control instrument in inter-organizational MCSs (e. g.Dekker, 2004).While formal controls trim down the risk by altering the incentives for underperformance and opportunistic behaviour, trust mitigates risk by minimizing the fear of underperformance and opportunistic behaviour to occur (Das and Teng 2001). Therefore, we include three types of inter-organizational trust building, namely building contractual trust, competence trust and goodwill trust (Sako, 1992). 8 Contractual trust results from previous contractual relations o r grows during the MSR 7 Rousseau, Sitkin, Burt & Camerer (1998, p. 394).Define trust as a mental state comprising the intention to accept vulnerability, based upon positive aspects of the intentions or behaviour of another. According to them trust is not a behaviour (cooperation), or a choice (e. g. taking a risk), but an underlying psychological condition that can cause or result from such actions (Rousseau et al. , 1998, p. 395 italics added).As such, trust in itself can not be a control instrument in the MCS of MSRs. Instead, the control techniques are the actions the manufacturer performs to create and build trust in the supplier. 8 Contractual trust is based on the expectation that the supplier will keep promises and comply with agreements made, whether these10 (Sako, 1992).Competence trust is increased by previous good performance, i. e. good quality and delivery results. Moreover, competence trust results from buying activities from reputable suppliers or transferri ng competences to the supplier. Additionally, product and/or process certification and process standardisation enhance competence trust (Sako, 1992). To develop goodwill trust, Sako (1992) identifies shared values and norms as necessary, but insufficient, as transaction parties also need to show the willingness to be indebted to each other.Gulati (1995) stresses creating and growing an inter-organizational bond of friendship to trigger goodwill trust (Gulati, 1995). opposite possible goodwill trust initiators are interactive goal setting, trustworthiness written report and a long term relationship (Dekker, 2004). Next to these specific trust building mechanisms, the literature also proposes an important overall trust building technique, namely close interaction, based on mutual interests and established by means of joint decision making and joint business solving via a joint relationship board and/or joint task groups (Das & Teng, 2001 Dekker, 2004).9 Besides trust building, M SRs can be governed by another type of informal control, which Ouchi (1979) refers to as clan control. Based on shared norms, values and a common inter-organizational goal, supplier behaviour in the interest of the MSR will be reinforced, because suppliers are motivated to master the goal (Das & Teng, 2001). This incentive results from inter-organisational social pressure (Spekle, 2001) exerted by the manufacturer, which we opine is social control in its literal meaning.Because of high interdependence between manufacturer and supplier, below standard results of the supplier directly impact the manufacturers performance. Consequently, supplier management is unpleasantly confronted with manufacturer management and faces personal humiliation because of the error. Additionally, supplier management runs the risk of their reputation and personal relationship with interacting manufacturer management getting injured. Also Dyer & Singh (1998) mention reputation and personal relations as social control mechanisms, besides norms and trust.By acting as negatively valued social sanctions (Bijlsma- are contractually stipulated or not. Competence trust concerns the expectation that the supplier possesses the necessary skillful and managerial competences to deliver the order as agreed. Goodwill trust regards the expectation that the supplier shares an open commitment, with the willingness to perform activities beneficial to the MSR, but possibly uncomplete in the suppliers interest nor required by the contract (Sako, 1992). 9 Other potential overall trust building techniques in a MSR are communication via regular inter-organizational meetings (Chalos &OConnor, 2004 Das & Teng, 2001), information sharing of problem areas (Chalos & OConnor, 2004), supplier development activities (Carr & Ng, 1995), networking (Das & Teng, 2001), training (Chalos & OConnor, 2004) and the termination to which the employees of both parties understand the factors ensurin g the collaborations future success (Chalos & OConnor, 2004). 11 Frankema & Costa, 2005), these social consequences create incentives for satisfactory supplier performance and render supplier opportunism hard to sustain (Spekle, 2001).If we assume operational snags to be day-today business in MSRs, this social pressure creates an informal means to mitigate risk in MSRs. 3. Research methodology 3. 1. Case study research The existential part of this paper is based on an in depth case study, which is an investigation of a real life-time phenomenon, relying on multiple sources of evidence and benefiting from prior development of theoretical propositions (Yin, 1994). This research method suits our research that concerns refining existing interorganizational management control theory for the relatively under-explored manufacturing phase of the supply chain.10 According to Keating (1995), such theory refinement needs a clear theoretical starting point, supplemented with receptivit y to the husking of unexpected findings. To balance these theory attachment and detachment requirements, we developed a theoretical framework to guide the data collection, but at the same time used data collection techniques allowing sufficient openness. Furthermore, several interorganizational management control case studies (e. g. Cooper & Slagmulder, 2004 Dekker, 2004 Kamminga & van der Meer-Kooistra, 2007Nicholson et al. , 2006) strengthen the argument that cases allow analyse in detail the structure and influencing variables of IORs (Sartorius & Kirsten, 2005). These studies show that theory refinement of MCS design can be adequately investigated by means of qualitative research. The social meaning of inter-organizational MCSs, peculiarly regarding the use and interpretation of informal controls, and the subsequent behaviour of companies and employees is very complex.So if we only skim the surface, we will never discover how different parties interpret certain IORs and whether the MCS is designed accordingly. This argument not only justifies the choice for a case study, but also forms the reason 10 Our research corresponds to investigating a complex phenomenon within its real life context of which empirical evidence is rather limited, and answering how and why questions about this phenomenon, for which case study research is most suited (Eisenhardt, 1989 Yin, 1994).Furthermore, Keating (1995) argues that case studies suit three goals and that our theory refinement goal represents the middle ground between theory discovery (describing novel phenomena) and theory refutation (disconfirming well specified theories by obstetrical delivery in negative evidence). More specifically, our case research is of the theory spokesperson type, documenting previously unappreciated aspects of management accounting practice and identifying aspects of the illustrated theory that require reformulation or more rigorous specification (Keating, 1995, p.71).Indeed, the goal of this study is to illustrate how manufacturers design supplier MCSs, to what extent this design differs from designs in other IORs and how the design can be explained by means of a specifically adapted theoretical framework. 12 why more of this research is requested (e. g. Langfield-Smith & Smith, 2003 Dekker, 2004 van der MeerKooistra & Vosselman, 2006). 3. 2. Unit of analysis In most inter-organizational studies, the unit of measurement of analysis is one dyadic relation between two freelance parties (van der Meer-Kooistra & Vosselman, 2006).Since there exist different dyadic MSRs within one manufacturer and we study MCSs dependence on relationship contingencies, our unit of analysis consists of specific MSRs. Dyer & Singh (1998) explicitly propose the relational involve, focusing on the buyer-supplier dyad, as opposed to the industry structure take hold of and resource based view, when analyzing cooperative strategy and sources of inter-organizational competitive advantage. In order to answer the proposed research questions concerning MSR MCS design, we analyzed all relations later the manufacturer had decided to outsource the manufacturing activities.In other words, we addressed uncomplete the make-or-buy decision nor related commercial negotiations, but collected data from the start of production onwards. Furthermore, we only gathered data on standard MCSs for MSRs with good operational performance. 3. 3. Case company selection The selection of the case company and its suppliers was influenced by two selection concerns theoretical sampling (Eisenhardt, 1989), and open and pliable access to.

Comparing Arnold’s Dover Beach to Hecht’s Dover Bitch Essay

Much as it is a numbers of vivid images translated into feelings of melancholia and uber sentimentality, capital of Delaware strand has been touted as unitary of Matthew Arnolds most admired poems. It was probably composed in the summer of 1851 and subsequently revised for the volume of unexampled Poems in 1867 (Baum, 1958, p. 85). The poem basks in the feelings of self-conflict, loneliness, a restnation and inexplicable emotions set during the victorian times.The poem consists of four sections or stanzas the setting (1-14) Sophocles, or the Greek check (15-20) the sea at capital of Delaware and the sea of Faith, or the par exclusivelyel all-embracing (21-28) and the personal appeal (29-37). At the start of the poem, considerers could visualize a gay standing at the edge of capital of Delaware Beach, feeling down and out. His footmark is some what indifferent and philosophical about vivifications iniquities. He then revealed that in that respect is a woman with him, whi ch he refers to as sack out.And, it then concludes with a pessimistic lamentation relative to the possibility of clement happiness in a time bereft of faith for the world, which seems To lie before us like a land of dreams, So various, so beautiful, so new, Hath rightfully neither joy, nor love, nor light, Nor certitude, nor peace, nor help for pain Anthony Hechts Dover Bitch (1968) claimed notoriety in parodying the uber romantic machinations of the male persona in Dover Beach. Hecht flat acknowledged Arnold in his poem and begins with these linesSo on that point stood Matthew Arnold and this girl With the cliffs of England crumbling away behind them, And he said to her, Try to be true to me, And Ill do the like for you, for things are bad every last(predicate) over, etc. Noteworthy is that Hecht frankly assumes Arnold to be the verbaliser and his companion to be a woman, but he does not go on to conjecture that Matthew Arnold was telling her not to worry and to leave it all to him he was to the full aware that things are bad/All over for everybody, not retributory for the two of them.There doesnt seem to be any tracing in Dover Bitch that Matthew is going to do this girls worrying about the world as well as his own. Nor is there any such suggestion in Dover Beach the utterers point is that they are both, and indeed we are all, in the same boat he is as helpless as his plugger, whatever the friends sex. Gender seems here to be about as tangential as it can ever be. Whatever the appearances to the contrary, the world Hath sincerely neither joy, nor love, nor light, Nor certitude, nor peace, nor help for pain.Nearly everyone assumes that Dover Beach was written with Mrs. Arnold in mind. If one assumes further that the picture of Dover Beach in the synodic month Come to the window -represents the stop of Arnold and his wife at Dover on their wedding journey in June 1851, there would be corroboration in the later lines the world which seems To lie before us . . . So various, so beautiful, so new, there would be additional poignancy in the appeal let us be true To one another(prenominal)(prenominal) in spite of all its hostile forces mentioned in the poem.In fact, Duffin (1962) illustrated that Dover Beach provides a lovely picture of married love the poet, expression out on the calm, moonlit straits, speaks over his shoulder to his wife. In his way, the poet interprets for her the become of the waves upon the beach, hearing the eternal note of sadness and comparing it with the ebbing of the Sea of Faith. He lets the mood oppress him, making him see purport as a loveless, joyless confusion of struggle and flight, with but one refugeAh, love, let us be true/ To one another (p. 75). On the other hand, Hecht assumed that the girl was some sort of a high-class prostituteWell now, I knew this girl. Its true she had read Sophocles in a fairly good translation And caught that bitter allusion to the sea, barely all the time h e was talking she had in mind The impulse of what his whiskers would feel like On the back of her neck. To put one across as been brought All the way down from capital of the United Kingdom, and then be addressed As a sort of mournful cosmic last resort Is really tough on a girl, and she was pretty. Hecht translated Arnolds romanticism and helplessness to be viewed by another person who exhibits anarchic individualism, who viewed the iniquities of the woman rather than the feeling.Hecht even deconstructed the poetry form of Dover Beach as he wrote the poem that has a casual tone, something that is spoken as a gossip in a tavern or bar. Readers could even probably assume that the speaker is a bartender. When the presence of the universal becomes more important than its structure, value comes to house more in intensity than in the meaning of actions, more in the fact of participation with the forces of process than in the results achieved by action and participations approval of them. Clearly, Hecht took advantage of Arnolds aloofness to the girl at the starting stanzas.The womans presence is only recognized at the end of Arnolds poem, crafted in such a way readers should look about the whole picture about what the remainder of the story really is. Hechts speaker in Dover Bitch could only give his eyeballs about the uselessness of the heart-rending oration to a woman is who is not all interested in the entire romantic conflagration. The speaker feels that this woman more concerned with her own tangible pleasures than the speakers bleak view of life. Both poems are exquisite in their own way. Arnolds poem was romantic and Hechts was allergic romantic.Arnold created this scene at the Dover Beach and Hecht just criticized the speaker in the poem to stop the mournful cosmic last resort idea to view and start to view lifes realities in a different perspective. It somewhat a poetic way of saying that Life is a bitch, I know. Deal with it Clearly, recitation these poems, readers could tell the significance of what point-of-view means when to ascertain what thoughts of the people could be in a story. Works Cited Baum, Paull F. Ten Studies in the Poetry of Matthew Arnold. Durham, NC Duke University Press, 1958. Duffin, Henry Charles. Arnold the Poet. London Bowes & Bowes, 1962.

Acct553 Homework Es

1. (TCO A) A valuatepayer may march a tax revenue dispute without first paying the tax in the(Points 5) U. S. District Court. U. S. Tax Court. U. S. Court of Federal Claims. All of the above 2. (TCO F) A business line bad debt is deductible for tax purposes as a(n)(Points 5) ordinary business deduction. short-term capital loss. long-term capital loss. miscellaneous itemized deduction. 3. (TCO I) Under the hard cash method of tax accounting, tax deductions are generally taken when(Points 5) payment is made. the liability arises. there is net income to absorb the expense.None of the above 4. (TCO A) Which of the by-line constitutes tax evasion? (Points 5) Arranging your affairs to keep your tax liability as low as possible under the tax fairnessfulness weakness to disclose a tax liability from a completed operation Trying to maximize profits Trying to minimize your tax liability. 5. (TCO C) Which of the followers items is subject to federal income tax? (Points 5) I nterest on U. S. Treasury bonds romp winnings Interest on loans made in the ordinary fly the coop of business All of the above 6. (TCO B) surface-to-air missile owes Bob $8,000.Bob cancels (forgives) the debt. The cancellation is not a gift, but Sam is insolvent. Which of the following statements is correct concerning the impact of this transaction? (Points 5) both Bob and Sam recognize $8,000 of taxable income. Bob recognizes $8,000 of taxable income. Sam recognizes $8,000 of taxable income. Neither Bob nor Sam has any taxable income from this transaction. 7. (TCO I) David, a cash basis taxpayer, owns two rental properties. Based on the following information, compute the amount that he must include in his 2012 earn rental income.Property 1, security deposit on one-year wage receive 2/1/12 All of deposit returned at lease end $1,000 Property 1, payment received 2/1/12 for last month of lease(1/13) $900 Property 1, rental income received in 2012 2/12-12/12 $8,000 Property 2, rental income received in 2012 1/12-12/12 $9,600 Property 2, security deposit received 1/1/12 to be used for last months rent $800 Property 2, rent 1/13 received 12/28/12 $800(Points 5) $21,100 $19,300 $18,500 $20,100 8. (TCO F) Section 197s nonphysical assets, such as patents and trademarks, are amortized for tax purposes over (Points 5) years. 15 years. 10 years. 20 years. 9. (TCO E) Explain the constructive receipt doctrine. (Points 17) 10. (TCO G) Answer the following questions concerning tax laws. a. What roles do the U. S. Constitution and U. S. Congress play in creating the tax law? b. What does the common body of tax law (CBOTL) consist of? Briefly explain how a tax bill becomes a tax law. c. What role does the familiar Revenue Service play in interpreting, and providing guidance on, the tax law? What types of tax law guidance are published by the IRS? (Points 18)

Gender Roles Essay

Weve begun to raise daughters more(prenominal) like sonsbut a few(prenominal) fox the courage to raise our sons more like our daughters, (Gloria Steinem, Ameri raise feminist). sex activity roles refer to the set of social and behavioral norms that atomic number 18 considered to be socially appropriate for individual(a)s of a specific invoke in the context of a specific shade (Wikipedia). grammatical gender roles are expectations of how an individual should act, dress, talk, walk, etc. establish on their sex, which is biological. Gender roles shape the pressures and expectations society places on male and pistillate individuals. For instance in the old American acculturation men had to be the main source of income in the family, while women were judge to stay inhabitation take care of the children and do the domestic housework. In the short drool Girl Jamacia Kincaid illustrates the feminine roles her mother taught her growing up and the expectations she needs to actio n as a women, a wife, and a mother. In contrast with Kincaid, Michael Kimmels essay Bros before Hos The Guy Code explores the code of masculinity that unripened men are expected to follow. Traditional gender roles influence virtually(prenominal) individuals in a positive or negative aspect as they grow and each resist or give in to the expectations within society.Growing up as little girl, my mother would always take me the social expectations of the feminine roles associated with our tradition. I would always be playing with dolls, grooming in skirts, putting bows in my hair, pretending to be a princess and playacting like Dorothy from the Wizard of Oz always clicking my sparkly red shoes. However, the pressures and expectations of the gender roles associated to your sex are more profound as you grow into an adult. As I grew into a young charr the expectations I had and still to this day get under ones skin to meet are much more demanding and expected. Kincaid states, Th is is how you set a accede for dinner this is how you set a table for dinner with an important knob this is how you set a table for lunch this is how to behave in the front of men who dont know you very well (385). Kincaid explains some of the feminine demands and expectations her mother would teach her growing up. Similar to Kincaid experience, my mother would overly establish the feminine roles and demands that I needed to accept and fulfill from the expectations that have been set forth from generations of women. However, the expectations I needed to meet to fulfill the duties as a wife and mother conflicted with my expectations of not wanting to be a wife or mother at all, but to establish and bagful a stable career for myself.The view of femininity in the elaboration I was raised with compared to old American culture of the 50s and 60s. Women were seen as objects, accessories. Femininity was viewed as being fragile and weak, as well as having a natural mother like ins tinct. Women in my culture are delineate as being dependent on a man, stay home do the groceries shopping, clean the kitchen, prepare breakfast, lunch, and dinner, press out their husbands shirt and pants, wash every day, even if its with their own ptyalize (Kincaid 385), keep the household in order, and be the perfect wife, mother, and women or at least pretend to be. However, these conventional views of what feminine roles are defined as conflict with the mainstream American culture of todays feminine expectations. Women in todays culture are defined as either the main source of income or contribute the equal amount of income with their spouse. Women are seen as independent and many women have established stable careers. In Bros before Hos Kimmel asked a female college student what it means to be a women she stated, Nobody can tell me what it means to be a women anymore (462). In modern American society being a woman has no concrete formulated expectation or role that she is expected to fulfill.Although in todays modern American society views women other than as they once did, my culture still views women in a more traditional aspect. These conflicts or being independent or dependent, pursuing a career or being a domestic house wife and mother affect both expectations I have to meet with my family culture and the culture I was born into. Being one of the youngest girl in my family I would observe my cousins and see them being pressure of the roles and expectations that where concretely defined in my cultures view of femininity. Their decisions of following the domestic housewife role touched me to resist these pressures, while they did not and gave me the courage to fulfill my and modern American societys expectations of what being a woman is and not expert stay at home and spend all my husbands money because I have nothing better to do.Gender roles have always been a social issue that shape the way we think of others. These roles perceive women as fragile and weak, while men are seen as aggressive and taper little to no emotion. Gender roles can vary from one culture to another and have different expectations associated with masculine and feminine roles individuals have to obtain. Gender expectation such as women have to stay home and do the domestic housework, while men are the source of the primary income can either conflict or reinstate the expectations of you. These roles can affect an individual either in a positive or negative ways, whether or not they want to override the social norm of what society says is satisfying or give into the pressure of the roles society established for each gender. The gender roles ones culture establishes or society establishes becomes more fire as we grow older, enforcing these expectations further. Also, your cultures view of masculinity or femininity may conflict with mainstream American culture and a advancement conflicts for an individual. Its up to them whether they want to endur e the pressures or resist the pressures of traditional gender roles or modern American gender roles. Word count on 1,025Reference PageKincaid, Jamaica. Girl. Boston, Mass. Bedford/St. Martins, (2013) 384-386. Print Kimmel, Michael. Bros before Hoes The Guy Code. Boston, Mass. Bedford/St. Martins, (2013) 461-471. Print.

The Kentucky Fried Chicken Original Writing

There I was, stumbling by dint of the lashing wet, windy weather on my way back from the Kentucky Fried Chicken after purchasing a large bucket of red jungle fowl at a great expense. As I passed the local bakery, the delicious smell of freshly baked kale filled my nostrils, which was soon to be replaced by cooking oil from the lean and chips shop next door. My stomach felt sickly with the combined aromas, exactly lengthy queues in both stores indicated that not everyone had the same opinion as I did about the smell.I noticed a black foot in a spotlight of colourful neon lights on the billet of the kerb shuffling around in the breeze like a newborn baby. Unsure of the contents, I panicked. My eyes gazed at the streetlights that glistened like a Christmas tree. They were reflected in the shop windows that displayed mouth-watering cakes, bread, groceries, a variety of continental fruits and vegetables, as well as colourful fashionable clothes.On the corner of the road, thither wa s a brightly lit car showroom full of glistering new Mercedes, which drew me to the window. As I gazed enviously through the window, I was startled by the deafening wail of a siren which had grungy flashing lights rotating rapidly on top of a huge cherry vehicle that raced past me.Car horns beeped, windscreen wipers swishing back and forth, as cars intensify above the speed limit the drivers and their passengers all had the same thought in mind getting home from this dreadful weather. Traffic built up and ground to a standstill as the traffic lights appeared to have a malfunction, causing major delays. Engines revved with impatience. I witnessed two drivers exchanging furious words oer a parking s curtilage, while passengers waited patiently for their local bus to put one across them home. Some pedestrians got splashed with dirty water as thoughtless drivers sped through puddles.Commuters appeared from nowhere as if there had been a riot in the area. I realized as I heedd the mournful sound of the inform horn coming from the station close to home that this was the reason for this impertinent mass of people. Some people were running desperately for shelter, as they were inadequately dressed for the inclement weather.An old drunken man, dressed in rough, harry clothes, staggered along the street. He approached an apprehensive passer-by I had seen earlier on in the vicinity requesting spare change. I did not wait to hear the passer-bys response as my clothes were completely drenched from the rain down. The relentless rain pelted down heavily, so I decided to pick up the pace because I could smell the sweet spices of chicken wafting from the chicken bucket I carried, which probably began to get cold. I remembered that my mother was waiting for her meal and I was feeling quite peckish myself.As I approached a narrow, non-white alleyway, I was striving through the sharp, cold, icy, wind beating against my face. An enormous lay of thunder quickly followed with a strike of lightning from the heavens. I dropped the bucket of chicken in tutelage into a pool of mud. A sensation of fear and panic tingled through my body and my heart skipped a beat. I comprehend a dog barking continuously from a neighbouring garden over a red brick wall. I picked up my bucket, checked to see what state it was in, in discovering that the contents were still in good condition, I continued on my journey.The anxiety and fear I had experienced earlier had disappeared within me and alter to happiness and warmth, as I drew nearer to my home. I sighed with ministration and jingled my samaras with delight at the front door to my house. I turned my key in the lock, and the door swung open, revealing my Mothers angry face. I had delayed her dinner party

Alice in Wonderland Reading Log Essay

The original title of this novel being Alices Adventures in Wonderland, provides an episodic of short stories of her chances instead of just hotshot long adventure by break through the novel. This holds up throughout the novel as each chapter is comm except a various adventure or story. The title green goddess also foreshadow that the novel impart non pullulate lay out in normal reality and in fact in Wonderland although Alice never does find out the true name of the populace she hallucinationt of. The say Wonderland sole(prenominal) appears until the last two p historic periods of the novel when Alices sister reflects on Alices dream. 2. What be the conflicts in Alice in Wonderland? What types of conflict (physical, moral, intellectual, or emotional)?The most with boor(p) intellectual conflict in Alice in Wonderland is her ability to make palpate of the nonsensical world she is in. She lots has a struggle interacting with the early(a) characters as orientn from the beginning when she is talking to the mouse and the birds. She mistakenly brings up her cat which leads the other animals to run off. passim the book Alice faces a moral conflict as she tries to interact with each character in a normal air instead of embracing the madness and spillage along with it. Another low-cal conflict to detect is her physical conflict with The personnel casualty queen mole rat as she wants to execute Alice. Alice faces a moral conflict while transaction with The ablaze(p) Queen when she points out that flamingos atomic number 18 not a fair authority to play crotchet. 3. What are close to foots in the story?The main theme I found throughout the book was meaning. Alice forever has to question meaning. The opposed world of Wonderland does not often cede meaning so the consequences that fare meaningless actions prevents Alice from understanding the values in Wonderland. The beginning and destroy show a good example of the contrast as everyone is a succeeder of the caucus race and no one besides The Red Queen is a winner. This green goddess applied to real spiritedness as often meters everyone over or under analyse a look ated situation which leads to a downfall. In order to be safe, a certain(a) measure of practicality needs to be accounted for. 4. What are some symbols in Alice in Wonderland?Alice growing and shrinking quarter be a symbol of her age/mental growth as she finds herself in situations in which she needs to be more than or less execute onsuch as dealing with the mad hatter she can afford to be less mature and when in the presence of The Red Queen, she needs to be cautious of her actions. The Red Queen can be symbolic of the Queen of England considering Lewis Carrolls family was predominantly English. Her playing card henchmen can be the British Soldiers. Time is a constant symbol throughout the novel and can be shown through the Rabbit. He comes in and out of the novel and shows just how fast time goes when kept busy. The garden can be a symbolism for thirst, as often times desires are the greatest battles for tender beings. Alice never does derive the garden notwithstanding remains a desire for hers that she never does reach.The place setting of each chapters channelizes so frequently, symbolizing the mentality to move on. When life changes, the wholly way to succeed is to adjust and maintain composure.5. Is Alice consistent in her actions? Is she a fully developed character? How? Why? Alice is not a fully developed character because she is unable to accept life in Wonderland. She cries when things dont go work out, and continues to seek sense in man Wonderland. An example of this can be displayed through her interaction with the caterpillar when she tries to explain to him what is wrong, instead of onerous to enjoy herself in Wonderland. She is not consistent in her actions. For example, she quickly listened to the rabbit and tried to help him find his g make outs without asking a question. Then secure after, she questions everything the caterpillar tump over voices. 6. Does Alice change and/or develop as a human being?Alice changes with her confidence. In the beginning she is more concerned with being herself only quickly questions if she is her friends. Since then, she goes back and forth exploiting to figure out who she is, which can be symbolized by physical growth going up and down. 7. How does Alice come to to other characters in the book?Alice relates to the other characters in the book as to her there are mad, and to them, Alice is the mad one. Throughout the book she becomes angry which relates to the characters ill-matched temper. If Alice had more time in Wonderland, I deal she would quickly run into how to relate. 8. Which character would you give care to meet?I would like to meet the afflictive Hatter because I would try to come up with ridiculous riddles and truisms to try and confuse him. I would try to out mad him and see what would happen. 9. What is the rally/primary purpose of the story? Is the purpose important or significant? The purpose of the story from Carrolls eyes was to give Alice Liddell something inte peacefulnessing to read. I would say that is meaningful and important because a childs imagination is something to gain and inspire. 10. How does Carroll use poetry in this novel? Why?Carroll uses poetry to roast common poems of the time. He also uses poetry to emphasize the nonsense going on at the time. Most of the poetry in the novel dont see a specific purpose to the storyline or events taken place. 11. What is the entailment of the garden?The garden can be a symbolism of desire as Alice never reaches the forbidden garden. The garden can also be a symbolism of the Garden of Eden, as no one is vestal abounding to reach it. Since this novel is meant for a child, Carrol may be saying that even a child is not fully pure. 12. Traditionally, Alices Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glass are considered stories for children. What do you think? I think these stories are meant for children in that they give a child the fantasy and adventure that they love to hear nigh, but considering Carrolls abstract and brilliant mind, I believe he added certain symbolism and allusion that an crowing mind can detect. 13. Since their publication, some readers have found material in Carrolls book inappropriate for children. Are parts of the Alice books unfit for or harmful to children today? I do not believe there is any material that is unsuitable for children.It can argued that The Red Queens request for Alices instruction execution can be startling for children, but because Alice does not die and the characters in charge of her execution are only playing cards, children can remain at eternal sleep in the end. To most children, this story is just a description of a girls adventure through Wonderland. 14. Alice Liddell, the model for Carrolls heroine, was a young child when these stories were first told. Although a child in the story, Alice often exhibits mature characteristics, and the adult characters often exhibit childish behavior. Do you consider this book to be an adults vox populi of childhood, or a childs view of adulthood? I think this story is a childs view on adulthood. Alice often believes she is smarter than she may appear, which is common among children growing up want they can have more freedom and more privileges. Also, as a growing child, adult like figures are often confusing, which Alice experiences with everything in Wonderland.15. Alice rarely speaks nonsense and rarely enjoys it when it is spoken to her. In fact, her speech and manners are as proper as those of any Jane Austen heroine. How is Alices perception of the world changed when confronted with the world and characters of nonsense? Alice does not realize to accept the nonsense that is Wonderland and tries to cleave fair, as shown with her crochet game with The Red Queen. Over time she learns to accept things that are not always in her hands. As she wakes up from the dream she notices the similarities between Wonderland and the real world which can be interpreted as her acceptance that things in Wonderland can relate to the real world in which she dos now to not always have to be incontrol. 16. The Cheshire Cat suggests that everything Alice experiences in Wonderland is a dream or the result of madness. Besides the obvious absurdities in imagery, what other aspects of these books mimic a dream state?Alice talking to objects and animals like humans mimic a dream state. The order of life is different in Wonderland as well, in order to stay sane, you essential accept that there is no sense. 17. Take care of the sense, and the sounds will take care of themselves. This play on the proverb Take care of the pence and the pounds will take care of themselves is a good example of Carrolls word play. Often these word plays end up wit h a nonsensical locution, but at other times, they create a completely different, often subversive, meaning. What force play does this word play have on the story as a whole? This is an example of wordplay that is similar in that the author is explaining how Wonderland works. oneness must think irrationally to be rational in the Wonderland world. at a time this is accomplished, the sounds will begin to make sense. In the metaphor, they are talking about sense and sounds. Sense is being action, and sounds is being how the person says it. The literal adaptation of the metaphor can be used to mean that taking onward the smaller amount of money, pounds, or in relation to dollars, will be more valuable.18. Throughout her adventures, Alice grapples with her identity. What philosophical issues about identity does Alice raise?Throughout her adventures, Alice wasnt sure who she was. In the beginning she hoped she had not turned into one of her friends because she thought since she could not grasp the reality of Wonderland, she was not smart enough to. She did not want to return to the real world if she was not herself screening that when youre not able to live life as who you in truth are, it is not entirely worth it. The rabbit thought she was something else other than a little girl and the pigeon thought that she was snake. These occurrences show how hard it is to have throng know exactly who you are, and people often are mistaken and not recognized for who they truly are. The characters in Wonderland were very confused with who she was, because she was new. She struggled to find where she was and who she was.19. Alice normally exhibits a passivity to the incomprehensible events around her. However, at critical times, she learns to buy up control of her circumstances. What message does that send to the reader? This message teaches the reader to be patient and practical. When things dont go a certain way, it is diffuse to succum to emotion and feel as if the re is no way to come back. Alice learning to control herself shows that everyone is in control of themselves and do not have to feel overwhelmed. 20. Give an example of Alice being passive and example of Alice in which she is in control.Alice is passive when the chef is throwing kitchenware at her because she doesnt know how to defend herself and has to change the subject to stop him from harming her and the baby. Alice was in control when she realizes that she can control Wonderland by waking up, it is merely a dream.21. What is the entailment of the mushroom that Alice eats during her adventures? unity side of the mushroom allows Alice to grow or shrink, however she does not know which side is which. Once Alice gets some pieces of the mushroom she is able to control her size. As a result of her gaining some control, which she also gains in confidence and is more able to assert herself against the all the difficulties she encounters throughout her adventure.22. Lets espouse that in Lewis Carrolls original telling of these stories, he viewed himself as a teacher/mentor to Alice Liddell. How do the ways in which the fictional Alice adapts to her fracture and unusual circumstances translate into meaningful lessons for a child of Alice Liddells age? Alices adventures translate lessons that whenever a child faces challenges, they can never give up. She teaches patience and to not get overwhelmed. These meaningful lessons children can learn for life and adapt to their own life through their own challenges.23. Does the story end the way you expected? How? Why?The story does not end how I expected because I imagined Alice finding a physical way out of Wonderland, such as another hole in the landscape. Considering how shifty the rest of the book had been, it made sense that Alice would wake up so abruptly. 24. What is the significance of the Queen of Hearts?She is in control of Wonderland even though she is only the queen and her husband the king of hearts should b e the true regulation of wonderland. However, he is scared of the queen. The queen represents Alices mom because the queen is always telling everyone what to do, such as mother character. The queen is a burlesque of Queen Victoria, both strong and tough rulers who everyone feared.metaphor can be used to mean that taking away the smaller amount of money, pounds, or in relation to dollars, will be more valuable.

One-Sided Relationship Essay

In school there is al manners one befool that a soul volition hang egress with, although that psyche does non want to be deciden with him. They go away only associate with that one person when they have no one else to hang break through with or when they fill something from them. It is evident through the novel The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini, that in a colorful aloneiance there is always one person in a association who will unconditionally love the another(prenominal) person and one who will be willing to take advantage of the other. In the novel, Hassan will always do anything for amir because he is a loyal and true helpmate. On the other hand, emeer only hangs push through with Hassan when no one else wants to play with him. emir does not notice how unjust his relationship with his best friend is until he brutally watches Hassan ticktack sacked in the alley by Assef. Through the actions of Hassan and emir, it is evident that a one-sided relationship will not cream erupt because there will always be graspingy, lies, and confound to brood with.Evidently, emeer and Hassans friendship is unhealthy because ameer is afraid to consider Hassan a true friend. He is afraid to consider Hassan a true friend because he feels shame in being the only Pashtun child playing with a Hazara boy because Hazaras are of a lower class. ameer is struck by the row Assef says to him, How can you talk to him, play with him, let him touch you? How can you vociferate him your friend? If idiots like you and your start out didnt take these people in, wed be rid of them by now (Hosseini 41). It is at this point that ameer truly considers his relationship with Hassan. He wonders why he only plays with Hassan when no one else is around and why when other kids come over they neer include Hassan in any games. This is the point where their relationship begins to struggle because ameer cannot distinguish if Hassan is a friend or a servant to him. Addition ally, Amir rises Hassans loyalty to prove that he is a true friend to him. One of the ways in which he tests his loyalty is by asking, Would you consume dirt if I told you to? (54). Out of shame, Amir asks Hassan this question because he wants to see if he would be willing to do anything for him. Amir constantly looks to test his loyalty with questions like this one because Amir wants Hassan to say no in order to make himself feel better. He feels that if Hassan will not do one thing he asks, then it will make his doubts some his relationship feel better and not as one-sided. It is utterly unfastened that the boys relationship is unhealthy because Amir is always trying to test Hassans loyalty because he has developed overly such(prenominal) shame in the way he treats Hassan to consider him a true friend.Further more(prenominal), the relationship betwixt Hassan and Amir is unhealthy because Amir has too much jealousy reinforced up. Amir is jealous of Hassan because he has the attributes and talents that he wishes he had instead of his knowledge. Amir is jealous of Hassan because he heard Baba exclaim, I see how they push Amir around, take his toys from him, give him a shove here, a whack there. And, you know, he never fights back. Never (22). Amir was offended when he heard his own father say this because at this moment he knew his father wished he was like Hassan. He learned that his father wished he was more acrobatic and did not read books all the time. Learning of this made him rattling jealous of Hassan because he had all of these features and was considered deluxe in the eyes of Baba. Additionally, Amir resents Hassan because he has always received attention from Baba and was treated like his favorite son. Amir is jealous of Hassan because he got a very thoughtful and loving birthday present a doctor to fix his hairline lip. Amir does not deduce why his father gave such a huge gift to Hassan because he had never received such a loving gift . Amir acknowledges the concomitant the he normally only receives a toy or precise object from Baba and cannot comprehend the fact that his father put so much effort into Hassans gift. This makes Amir very jealous of Hassan because he except again stole the attention from Baba. Overall the relationship of Amir and Hassan is very detrimental because Amir resents Hassan for having many of the things that he wishes he could obtain. Amir wishes he were more athletic and strong so that he could be the golden child in Babas eyes.Finally, the one-sided relationship comes to an end due(p) to the fact that it cannot survive when too much plague and lies have make up. One of the main reasons the relationship between Hassan and Amir failed was the fact that Amir enabled Hassan to shake raped. Before being raped by Assef, Assef blurted, Youre zippo more but an ugly pet. Something he can play with when he is bored, something he can kick around when he is angry. Dont ever fool yoursel f and think youre something more (72). After the rape, these haggle that were said stuck to both Hassan and to Amir who stood by aimlessly watching him get raped. Both boys knew that if it was the other way around, Hassan would have jumped in and tried to impede the rape from happening. However, in reality, Amir was the reason their relationship came to an end because he simply just did not have love for Hassan the same way he was loved back. Moreover their relationship could no longer excogitate after the rape because Amir could not stand to look at Hassans face everyday and tell lies about what had happened that day in the alley. Amir tried to deal with this trouble by trying to get Baba to kick Hassan and his father out of his house. For example, Amir stuck his watch and birthday currency under Hassans mattress so that Baba would get furious and kick them out of his house. However, Amirs plans always backfired on him, which resulted in him having to live with more lies buildi ng up. Their relationship came crashing down hard after the rape because Hassan woke up from his little fantasy and learned how good of a friend Amir was to him. He came to agnize that he would always love Amir, and in hand over it would take years before Amir would love him the way that he did. Overall the relationship of Amir and Hassan came to an end because Hassans eyes were undefended and they could no longer live with such huge lies in their lives. overdue to the fact that there will always be lies, shame, and jealousy to deal with in a relationship, it is obvious that a one-sided relationship will never work out for the best. The relationship of Amir and Hassan never worked out well because Amir was afraid to consider Hassan a true friend. He was only the person who was there for him when he destinyed it the most and no one else was there to play with. Also the relationship never worked out because Amir built up too much jealousy towards Hassan. Amir could not stand the f act that Hassan was the golden boy in his fathers eyes. He always wanted to be that boy, and came to realize he would never be because Hassan was perfect from his fathers point of view. Ultimately, their relationship came to an end because Amir let Hassan get raped, while he watched it all happen and took no actions to prevent it. This led to too many lies and too big of a burden for Amir to live with. This caused him to build up hatred, which eventually made Hassan and his father leave his house. Clearly, the relationship could not work out because Amir could not love Hassan for who he was. People need to take this example of Amir and Hassan and apply it to their own lives. They need to realize that they cannot and should not take advantage of a friend or a person because it will result in a failed relationship and hatred will most likely arrive. Thus people need to be more considerate and caring to the people they live and socialize with in their daily lives.

Effecting communication and information Essay

Recruitment and Retention Process and Documentation WHSmith was established in 1792 by a man named Henry Walton Smith, and his wife Anna, but was established down the stairs the name H W Smith. After their deaths, the business was passed on to their ii sons Henry Edward, and William Henry Smith. The business was renamed to WHSmith as William was the older of the two and he was the more able businessman. WHSmith today, as whizz of the biggest retail groups in the UK, it is make up of two core businesses high street retail, and travel retail.They cast approximately 17,000 employees working in either of the 543 High Street interjects or the 129 Travel retentions in the UK. The manner in which a mortal is employ within WHSmith would obviously excite to start with a contrast enterprise. This opening give the gate be due to one of many reasons. For physical exercise If a new store is opened or if individual has left his or her job. From there on, the flavors interpreted woul d start off with WHSmiths sympathetic Resources Department making a job stipulation, which consists of the job exposit. present is an example of a job specification for an opening at WHSmith as an adjunct managerJob specification Vacancy Role Title appurtenant Manager London (North/South/East/West) Role Level attendant Manager Region London Location London Salary i?? 17,000 i?? 23,000 Details You exit be required to work half-dozen days a week. In your image as participator manager, it forget be your duty to assist the retail manager in his day-by-day work. This job is very demanding and you never know, it may be the just the job for you. In a position as assistant manager, you bothow be given two weeks paid holiday a grade. Person Specification RoleWe argon looking for a vertical aggroup player, with proved retail solicitude look, rock-steady converse, a target driven flack plus the ambition and potential drop to succeed. The Assistant Manager is respons ible for achieving store sales targets by leading, motivating and developing the store team to get hold of sales targets and customer service standards and to support the Store Manager. The next whole step would be for them to produce a person specification, which out trends the type of person they atomic number 18 looking for (for example qualifications, previous experience etc.). WHSmith would therefore broadcast on advertising the job in a number of contrasting places so as to attract attention towards the job opening. Advertisement is very costly and it would be in the best interests of WHSmith to get the job details and specifications absolutely spot on. Once each of this study has been gathered, it is then publicize in a number of places (i. e. the internet, job centre etc. ). WHSmith convey recently started to recruit online with an Internet based job recruiting process.The next step involves people applying for that specific job by providing their relevant document s, which entrust then be analysed by WHSmiths Human Resources department. Applicants be then short-listed and a number of the applicants be selected. I have provided a WHSmith job performance form with my assignment. The selected applicants will then be asked to provide references from two or more reliable sources. These would be from people like previous employers and motive educational teachers. Those who are selected as people who sympathisem like sufficient candidates for the job will then be invited for a formal discourse at a WHSmith.A senior member of staff would usually carry out this interview. The data that is derived from the interview is then analysed and compared to the prepared person specification. After a long, time- down process, and a lot of money cosmos spent, the successful candidate is then offered the job. In the case of WHSmith and the job specification I have given, this candidate would have to have previous experience in a retail management positio n, and would basically be the person that they see as the best man/woman for the job. P2 Employability, Personal and parley Skills Assistant Manager RoleThe Assistant Manager is responsible for achieving store sales targets by leading, motivating and developing the store team to carry through sales targets and customer service standards and to support the Store Manager. The job role is related to the Person Specification. Person Specification The person specification asks for someone with the following traits We are looking for a good team player, with proven retail management experience, good communication, a target driven appeal plus the ambition and potential to succeed. These skills are all placed on the person specification for a reason.The Personal Skills outlined here are  Someone who is a team player An assistant manager will be required to work with the manager as part of a team. They also have to be a team leader, as outlined in the job role.  Someone with a target driven advance In a high position like this, it is necessary that an assistant manager knows how to tackle set targets and that they approach these targets whole-heartedly.  Someone with the ambition and potential to succeed If an assistant manager does not wish to progress, then they will not give the job their full attention.It is better that they want to, and are able to succeed so that they can have a confirming impact on the business. It is also their job to motivate the store team and it would be hard to do so if he/she wasnt propel him/herself. The Employability skills outlined here are  Someone with proven retail management experience It is absolutely vital that someone who wants to work as an assistant manager, has some previous experience managing a store or people, and was good at doing so.The Communication skills outlined here are Someone with good communication It is essential that, as an assistant manager, you are able to promulgate well. Th is is due to the fact that an assistant manager is required to communicate messages to some(prenominal) the manager, and the store team. P3 Electronic and Non-Electronic methods for communicating business culture There are many dissimilar methods of communication. These can be divided into two antithetic categories Electronic (non-written), and Non-Electronic (written).Methods of communication that would come under Written Communication would be things like  SMS (Text Message) Methods of communications that would come under Electronic Communication would be things along the lines of Meetings Both Written Communication and Electronic Communication have their advantages. These advantages differ depending on the audience which is being addressed. The recipient is very all-important(prenominal) when it comes to the type of communication that is being mathematical functiond. Within The Organisation Within the physical composition the methods of communication that I would use w ould be things likeMeetings In an organisation, it is indispensable that there will be meetings held. These are usually used to demonstrate improvement, the current status of the organisation, and to get staff to contribute their ideas. Customers These are the methods of communication that I would use to communicate with the customersPublicity Materials To tell the truth, this is an obvious one really. The way to get customers is through publicity. If your organisation is a well know one, it is more likely to prosper.  Advertisements In my opinion, advertisements should be used by all major and even small organisations. These should outline things like services provided and fussy offers to attract more customers. Suppliers Here are some of the methods of communications I would use to communicate with suppliers of goods etc.  Letters These are a groovy way of communicating and people have been using them for centuries.I would use letters to communicate with suppliers because it is not a long time consuming method of communicating. You just write what you need to say, put it in an envelope, punt it, and the recipient gets it the next day Easy Peasy * Telephone This is one of the simplest, around direct ways of communicating with people today. Talking with suppliers on the retrieve would mean that all of the business involving matters like deliveries, times, amounts, and other things can all be sorted out in a matter of minutes. P4 Sources of reading ExternalSource.This culture is external (outside of the business) information that I have interpreted from the BBC website. Here is the link, as evidence of information http//newsvote. bbc. co. uk/1/shared/fds/hi/business/market_data/shares/3/23473/twelve_month. stm I have provided information on WHSmiths share prices. From this chart we can see the rise and chance upon in WHSmiths share price apprise in the year 2007. The current (exact) value of their shares on the 13th of December 2007 at 1422 is i?? 324. 75. We can see that the peak of their share value this year was in March.The lowest point was in late November. inwrought Source This information is internal (within the business) information that I have taken from WHSmiths Annual report. Here is the link, as evidence of information http//www. whsmithplc. com/grp/WHSPLC-IR-AR07. pdf I have provided information on WHSmiths Profits for the years 2006 and 2007. From this information we can see the increase in gets and the component increase. year 2006 2007 Increase in Profit Percentage Increase Profit i?? m (Before Tax) i?? 51 i?? 66 i?? 15 29. 41% We can see that their profit for the year 2006 was i??51million, the profit for the year 2007 was i?? 66million, the increase in profit was i?? 15million, and the percentage increase is 29. 41%. Here is a column graph presentation the information. Secondary Source Secondary information is information that I will be using. This information is already in existence, but h as been gathered by other people, and not myself. I will be using information from WHSmiths annual report. This information was gathered by WHSmith, within the corporation.Here is the link as evidence of information http//www. whsmithplc.com/grp/WHSPLC-IR-AR07. pdf I have provided information on WHSmiths Carbon Emissions for the last five years. From this we can see the increases and decreases in Carbon Emissions. Year 2002/3 2003/4 2004/5 2005/6 2006/7 Carbon Dioxide Emissions (kg) 0. 9 0. 76 0. 82 0. 79 0. 71 We can see that, in the stay 2002/3, their Emissions were very high.In the period 2003/4, these Emissions are reduced significantly. In the period 2004/5, these Emissions are increased, and in 2005/6 they are again decreased. In the period 2006/7, these Emissions are decreased furthermore.We can see that WHSmith have successfully reduced their Carbon Emissions. P5 Presentation of information I have been asked to present the data aquired in three different methods. Here is th e Share Price information presented in a line graph Profit i?? million (before tax) I will be using a column graph and a line graph to present this information. Column graphical record Line Graph Carbon Dioxide Emissions I will be using a column graph and a line graph to present this information. Column Graph Line Graph I will now be using a origin point presentation to present all of this information.

Commercialising from the bottom up: Onions in central Tanzania

Key points With minimal assistance and direction, small farmers in central Tanzania draw created thriving plots of irrigated onion plant plants, marketed in Dar, an early(a)(prenominal) parts of Tanzania and in the region. Lack of formal credit has not prevented many farmers fertilising their molds heavily. ii closures mystify been able to everywhere fargon poor road access. Informal marketing dress well enough traders make small margins on the onions they buy and sell. Farmers are reluctant to co-operate in production or marketing hitherto the irrigation depends on local anaesthetic water associations and these hightail it. presidential term and donor roles have largely been care the peace, a stable macro-economy and investing in physical infrastructure the roads, and upgrading the irrigation intakes. grooming of schools and health posts have brought services to the villages. and outcomes. Surveys of 240 ho purpose concurs have been complemented by interviews wi th groups of farmers, elders and key informants. The psychoanalyze Since 2009, researchers from Sokoine University of Agriculture have been studying four villages in central Tanzania perk Map, where onions are flexn under irrigation for sale to domestic and regional markets.Two of the villages, Ruaha and Malolo, are located close to the primary(prenominal) Dar-Iringa highway, while the other cardinal, Lumuma and Moswero, have much poorer access down long and difficult dirt roads. The studies are designed to understand and explain the role of commercialisation in the villages, the processes compound FAC Research Update 004 www. future-agricultures. org Research Update Box A How things began village history Irrigation began at Ruaha-Mbuyuni when Mohamed Nganyali, a fisherman from Iringa, moved to the village.He showed others how to rehearse traditional intakes to raise water level in the river so that it piece of ass flow into earth canals. During that time the rainfall was e nough for a classifiable rainfed cropping of field crops such as maize, simsim and sorghum. This intake was upgraded by government in 1963, after which people started to grow onions with seeds from neighbouring villages. As word spread, the village motto incomers seeking irrigated plots. The valley of Malolo was settled by Wasagara, later joined by Wahehe who fled the German war against chief Mkwawa in Iringa in the late C19 attracted by the water.In-migration accelerated after 1961. The irrigation intakes were upgraded in 2002, with 24 km of main canals lined funds for the work came from Japanese aid. The prime(prenominal) settler in Lumuma was Byalumuma who gave his name to the place and its river. Subsequently settlers have come from all over Tanzania In 1975 onion farming was boosted by extension services demonstrating modify techniques. The irrigation intakes were upgraded in 2003, thanks to Danish funding through the Agricultural sphere of influence Development Programme. A recent memorable date is September 2008, when the commencement mobile phone signals arrived after installation of a local mast. Msowero was outset settled by two Wakaguru and two Wasagara families who came for the chance to irrigate. The numbers roseate sharply after ujamaa villagisation in 1975 which saw a school built. Its irrigation was upgraded as part of the works for Lumuma in 2003, since they draw on the same stream. Sources Interviews with elders and other key informants What can be seen in the villages? Commercial production of onions began when farmers, shown how to do it by an ncomer in the 1960s, diverted water from the streams that flow off contact hills to irrigate small plots on the flood plain. Box A reassures more(prenominal) of the history of the villages. Later farmers soon realised that onions were a remunerative crop on the irrigated cut back and began to specialise in their cultivation. Onions are sold to traders, primarily small-scale operators who lack their own transport, who buy and bag the onions, consequently learn trucks to take them to Dar and Mbeya, and some(prenominal)times beyond to Zanizibar, the Comoros, and south to Malawi and Zambia.Onions are sold on spot deals to whoever arrives and offers a good price. There are plenty of traders and although farmers strike up of their lack of bargaining power, the marketing chains appears competitive. Some farmers are fashioning use of the ubiquitous mobile phones to arrange times for traders to come and percolate harvests, and to check prices in distant markets. The villages have few alternatives to farming, but the onion trade has given them a living that they could not aspire to from ripening food crops see Figure A, showing returns to crops.Figure A Returns to land and labour in the four villages, median values in US$ One surprising finding is that many of the farmers who are most industrious in irrigated onions have few or no food crops. or else they seem to be obtaining most of their maize and other staples from neighbours who grow a surplus on rainfed fields. Surveys in rural Africa usually find farmers preferring to grow their own staples on part of their land, even when they have more profitable cash crops. Research Update 003 www. future-agricultures. org What has made the difference?Most of what has happened has come from the initiative of local farmers, linked to traders who are mainly small operators from other rural areas. It was the farmers who built rustic offtakes, diverted the water, levelled the plots and learned how to grow onions. close to all the capital invested is local very few farmers obtain credit, yet they apply 135175 kg/ha of manufactured fertilizer on their plots. Almost all of them finance this from their retained earnings. At first sight, government has played a minor role. But that would be unfair.Government has ensured a stable economy where farmers can invest, innovate and market their crops. It has exces sively built roads, maintained them. The villages have schools and health posts. When disasters have struck in the past major droughts and floods, government has provided some relief. In one case, onion producers benefited from extension. Most interesting of all, government guided two donors, Denmark and Japan, to the villages where they funded the modernisation of the intakes. s angstromle aid the donors just helped the farmers improve on what they were already doing, without trying to tell them what to do.The irrigation systems are maintained by the farmers, through water users associations. Marketing big businessman be improved by farmers investing in storage allowing them to go bad sales to the months when onion prices rise. Use of text messages to the mobile phones could supply them with level(p) price updates that would help them make better decisions on selling. There are threats. Population has been rising steadily in the area, as farmers from dryland areas come expres sion for irrigated plots. Rents correspondingly are rising.With a heavy concentration on onions, in that respect is always the threat of disease or a new curse that could spell disaster. Moreover, the onions are so profitable, one wonders how long before more villages take up the crop and begin to compete in the market. For the two remote villages, there is the prospect that one day the road lead be improved at the moment they are less than 40 km from district headquarters at Kilosa, but cannot drive there directly and instead have to take a circuitous travel plan where it takes five hours to reach the Dar to Dodoma tarmac highway.The road to Kilosa has been in development plans for some years, but it has yet to be built. What are we going to look at next? Current studies are looking at the water associations. These function well enough they have to, water supply is vital. Yet farmers do not co-operate in production, marketing or almost anything else. The question then is, when people are reluctant to co-operate, how do the water bodies work and what is the cryptical of their success? Next year it is intended to go back and resurvey the farmers, so that changes can be tracked through time. What might the future hold?Some scope exists to improve onion cultivation through use of certified, improved varieties instead of relying on the sometimes variable quality of local seed. Research Update 003 www. future-agricultures. org This Research Update was written by Khamaldin Mutabazi, Ntengua Mdoe & Steve Wiggins of the Future Agricultures puddle. The series editor is Beatrice Ouma. Further information about this series of Research Updates at www. future-agricultures. org The Future Agricultures family aims to encourage critical tilt and policy dialogue on the future of agriculture in Africa.The Consortium is a partnership between research-based organisations across Africa and in the UK. Future Agricultures Consortium Secretariat at the University of Suss ex, Brighton BN1 9RE UK T +44 (0) 1273 915670 E email&160protected org Readers are encouraged to quote or reproduce material from Future Agricultures Briefings in their own publications. In return, the Future Agricultures Consortium requests due acknowledgement and a copy of the publication. FAC appreciates the support of the UK Department for International Development (DfID)

Immanuel Kant and Thomas Aquinas Essay

Immanuel Kant and Thomas Aquinas were two great philosophers who veritable arguments for the existence of God and taught ways of critic each(prenominal)y assessing the natural world. They both believed that we all are born the same and learn through experience. You must kickoff experience something in order to gain knowledge by experiencing it first. This meant that passel could not be certain about something until they saw it first. They both believed in free will and that everyone could make their consume choices but paragon had a plan that was in the end the best.Another similarity between Kant and Aquinas was their development and their profession after school. They both went through extensive schooling and ultimately became teachers. The biggest difference in the two was their belief in god. Kant believed in god but did not believe there was a way to turn up his existence. Aquinas spent his life trying to prove there was a way to prove his existence.. Aquinas would make logical examples that make you agnise where he was coming from. One of Thomas Aquinas examples swallows with the idea that individual decides to build a house with deep foundations and solid supports.Obviously, that person would begin by digging the foundation, but at some point, he or she would have to stop the digging process in order to in reality erect the house. This implies that the hole for the supports would have to end somewhere in the earth. Likewise, universe must be traced back to a specific point that governs and explains existence. The roughly simple principle of Mills idea on utilitarianism is the greatest mirth principle, an action is right as long as it is maximizing utility-grade. Everybodys happiness is equal in a sense and counts as a lot as anyone elses.There are some things that we are forbidden to do to other throng regardless of whether the loss of that individuals utility would be made up by increases in other peoples utility. Utility is defines a s happiness, but we all have our own perception on utility. For instance, I whitethorn find happiness in fishing, or sitting around and viewing nature, but someone else may find utility in doing sadistic acts like killing puppies. The distaff genital mutilation video represents utilitarianism. It was not pleasurable or beneficial to the women get mutilated but they were in a sense shunned if they were not mutilated.A modern-day Robin Hood might increase societys total utility, but theft is both legally and morally wrong. From a nature standpoint humans are the deciding factor in what has jimmy. Where I may gain pleasure in hunting ducks, Im sure that they are not gaining any type of value from me. Mill believed that utility gave unity to my conception of things. I now had opinions a creed, a doctrine, a philosophy in one among the best senses of the word, a religion the inculcation and diffusion of what could be made the principle superficial purpose of a life.