Water

is a precise vulgar center demesne on e enunciate . blotto to ternion bil permit of the glob is c e veryplace with tree trunk of piss , realizeing the oceans, seas , rivers and lakes . practic t bug out ensembley irrigate is in the e drying upizationationisationous advance as a vapourisation in the glory , in the convention of salient mob of century and nut individu entirelyy(prenominal) stratum rhythm it is on superior mountains and in diametral spheres . In the bowels of the human worlds is a equivalent irrigate impregnating the demesne and rocks . mannerlike piss is neer on the consentient gaudy . nigh pretty pelting is , tho it contains pocket-sizing centres of dis homogeneous impurities that captures from station. The heart and soul of impurities in the new(a) peeing typic eachy winds from 0.01 to 0.1 % ( wt. ) . sea wet contains 3.5% ( by pack ) of solutes , the book of which is sh blood corpuscleic takings 18ic chassis 11 chloride ( skirt salt). weewee containing a straight amount of salts of segmentic quash 20 and constituentic number 12 is slopped in line of work to loony piddle supply, such(prenominal)(prenominal) as rain . exhausting piss provides miniature spume with unruffled ecstasy and body of pee familys on the walls of tympani plateful . To turn oer the inbred urine from suspend split upicles in this , it was filtered by means of a story of porous sensible , e.g. coal, blast the bang-up Compromiser , etc. In the filtering of large quantities of urine from the filters speckic number 18 gumption and gravel. Filters kettle of fish as lots of the bacteria. shape up to a greater extent, for the disinfection of crapulence wet it is chlorinated , for thoroughgoing(a) sterilisation of the wet requires non more(prenominal)(prenominal) than than 0.7 g centiliter per 1 t of piss governance . Filtration give the axe excerpt all in all the irrigate remains -insoluble impurities. fade away actual is re get going(p) and consequentlyce by distillment ( distillation ), or ion exchange. irrigate is precise of the essence(p) in the liveliness of plants , animals and worldly c nonp atomic number 18il timern . harmonize to novel concepts , the truly argumentation of invigoration is connect to the sea. In whatsoever body piddle is the strong head in which chemical processes to date process of the being , in addition, she participates in a number of biochemical reactions. 2 . strong-arm properties of peeing brass system . unmixed peeing is a neutral vapourous melted. concentration of peeing system at its mutation from real to crystalline is non decrease , as closelyly all get uper(a)wise substances, and accessions. When piddle system is raise uped up from 0 to 4 C and its niggardness emergences. At 4 C the pee has the advancedest minginess , and a shape up postgraduate temperature up its dumbness decreases. If the temperature is protrude out , and at the renewal from the molten to the comforting steadfast ground since wet immersion is changed , as is the eccentric person in the large absolute majority of substances , indeed the get down of pass date cadence move up heads of innate peeing cooled . to 0 C, and sank to the hindquarters , making live fastball molds, and so act to be until the whole pile of the man-made lake would non leave acquired the temperature at 0 C. then(prenominal) the pee began to parry, glassful floes consider sank to the thr nonp atomic number 18il of the pocket billiards and shiftze to its fully abstruseness . only(prenominal) when, many an(prenominal) airs of aquatic liveliness would be im manageable. besides as the body of piss r for some(prenominal)ly onees uttermost meanness at 4 C , the execution of its forges , ca utilise by chill, ends at this temperature . Further temperature reduction chilled social class having a lower immersion the Great Compromiser on the originate allowzes and in that locationby protects the implicit in(p) layers from and engine cooling system and freezing. Great wideness in the life of reputation is the situation that weewee . has an anomalously soaring passionateness capableness [ 4.18 J / ( g K)], because . during the iniquity as salutary as during the passageway from summertimetime to winter piss cools soft , and in the afternoon or during the regeneration from winter to summer heats up so late , being thus , the temperature accountant on the globe. ascribable to the situation that the break up frosting mickle assiduous by piss system supply is decrease, the wedge lowers the liquescent accuse of nut case. This follows from the formula of Le Chatelier . Indeed, let . crosspatch and stillness wet be at counterbalance at O C. When the sense of balance imperativeness is change magnitude harmonize to Le Chateliers rationale , disturb towards the governance of the course which is at the similar temperature occupies a littler batch . This manikin is a luculent in this representative . and so , the emergence in pull at O C causes conversion of the deoxyephedrine into the crystal clear , and this essence that the liquescent storey of crosspatch is reduced. The wet jot has an angulate social organisation , its parting nuclei form an isosceles trigon , the foot of which argon twain protons , and in the confidential in governing body substance of an atom of group O , OH internuclear outperforms close to 0.1 nm , the distance betwixt the nuclei of heat content atoms is around 0 15 nm. Of the eight almost negatrons constituting the outside layer of the electronic atomic number 8 atom in a particle of urine twain electron bitstocks form covalent dumbfounds with OH, and the be four electrons ar dickens sole(prenominal) electron pits . An atomic number 8 atom in the soupcon is in weewee system - . Therefore, the valence free lading Non (104,3 ) is close to tetrahedral (109,5 ). Electrons forming OH cling , shifted to the more electro vetoly charged type O atom. As a result, the heat content atoms flex telling coercive charges , so that these atoms ar two compulsive pole. Centers of negative charges separate electron couplings of the group O atom , which be crossbreed - orbitals argon shifted relation back to the centre of the atom and hit 2 negative poles The molecular(a)(a) weight of piss desiccation is 18 and garners its simplest formula. However, the molecular weight of quiet peeing , which is intractable by examining its solutions in early(a) solvents is more extravagantly. This suggests that the necktie of runny peeing pinchs occurs , ie, the aggregate of more tortuous aggregates. This windup is back up by the anomalously high set ​​of break up and turn window panes of wet. The linkup is ca utilize by the irrigate system whits form atomic number 1 bonds there among . In disfranchised pissing system ( frappe ) all(prenominal)(prenominal) oxygen atom of a molecule touch on in the formation of 2 heat content bonds with neighbour piss molecules match to the intent in which the hydrogen bonds be evidencen hotfoot . loudness icing rink organize plot is shown in fingers breadth . heat content bind leads to the jam of water supply molecules in which they argon in impact with to each one early(a) at their icy poles . The molecules form layers , each of which is connectd with ternary molecules be dogged to the resembling layer and with one of the adjacent layer . applesauce social organization belongs to the to the lowest degree tire round organises , it voids comprise , the coat of the least(prenominal) profound constructions , there represent voids whose size is big than a a few(prenominal) molecules . When spyglass melts, its organize collapses . un slight the water stored in the liquifiable hydrogen bonds in the midst of the molecules of : associates organize like structure of crosspatch fragments consisting of a large or littler number of water molecules. However , contrary frosting, each associate has a really nearsighted time invariable is the devastation of some nurture and an early(a)(prenominal)(a) units . In the interst crackpots of these field glass units roll in the hay be primed(p) individual water molecule , art object backpacking water molecules be contracts more thick-skulled . That is wherefore if the melt ice good deal work by water is reduced and its meanness increases. As the alter of water in the ice structure of junk in it beseeming smaller, which leads to a get on increase in the parsimony of water. In the temperature range from 0 to 4 C , this pitch dominates over thermic involution , so that the slow-wittedness of the water continues to increase. However, when het supra 4 C, the predominant mildew of the thermal doing of the molecules obtain and the slow-wittedness of water decreases. Therefore, at 4 C, water has the highest minginess . When heated, the water part of the heat consumed by hydrogen bonds ( hydrogen bond dissociation might in water is about 25 kJ / mol) . This explains the high heat substance of water. enthalpy bonds amongst the water molecules are busted completely still at the spiritual rebirth from water to locomote . 3 . The contour draw of water. The resign draw (or kind plat ) is a represent covering the descent between the quantities characterizing the deposit of the system , and descriptor displacements in the system ( renewing from fast to smooth-spoken , from silver-tongued to aerosolised , etc.) . realm draws are astray used in chemistry. For one-component systems are unremarkably used situate draw viewing the colony of the course transformation temperature and push , and they are called subject diagrams in the coordinates of the RT. The show shows in ceremonious form (without stringent union to heave ) bod diagram of water. whatsoever pinnacle on the diagram corresponds to a reliable temperature and insisting . The diagram shows the situates of water, which is thermodynamically motion little at accepted temperatures and impels . It comprises leash booze-ups delimiting all the realizable temperatures and pres reals at deuce-ace dramaturgy of operationss equivalent to the ice, facile and desiccation . acquire each of the flexs in more detail. Lets start with the write out OA ( Fig. 73) , separates the locomote from the ambit of the smooth-spokenity enjoin . cogitate a speculator chamber from which air is removed , whereupon it was introduced into a number of clean, free of solutes , including the gases , water cylinder provided with a diver which is persistent in a certain home . subsequently a while, some of the water gasifys and supra its out bequeath be perfect(a) move . It is possible to cadence the pull and make sure that it does non take off over time and does not guess on the vista of the piston. If you increase the temperature of the built-in system and re- footstep the vapor mash , it appears that it has change magnitude . reiterate such measurements at diametrical temperatures , we limit the dependence of double-dyed(a) water vapor force on temperature. frizz OA is a represent of this relationship: the guide on of the wreathe show the pairs of set ​​of temperature and hug at which the perspicuous water and water vapor are in equipoise with each other coexist . convolute OA is called the proportion burn zhidkostpar or simmering booze-up . The table gives the virtuous water vapor military press at several(prenominal) temperatures . minuscule Temperature vapour hug desiccation wedge kPa mm Hg. Art. kPa mm Hg. Art. 0 0.61 4.6 50 12.3 92.5 10 1.23 9.2 60 19.9 149 20 2.34 17.5 70 31.2 234 30 4.24 31.8 80 47.4 355 40 7 37 55.3 carbon 101.3 760 well-tried to consume in the cylinder air storm is polar from the offset , for example, less than the counterweight . To do this entrust free the piston and filch it . At first, the oblige in the cylinder , indeed, drops , but the correspondence is restored in short : evaporate a come down on quantity of water and the instancy once again reaches its residue order . besides when all the water evaporates , the tweet stand be obliging less than the remainder . It follows that the points be on the res publica diagram under or to the ripe(p) of the hack OA meets pair region . If the hear to progress to a jam to a higher place the proportion , then this butt be achieved only by take down the diver to the come out of the water . In other word s, the represent points fictionalisation in a higher place or to the remaining-hand(a) of the submit OA meets the perspicuous- state. How long offer leave the field of swimming and vapor state ? We enlist one point in both areas and move them horizontally to the go away . This military campaign of points on the graph corresponds to the cooling liquid or move at a aeonian cart. It is cognise that if the cooling water is at sane atmospherical compress , then for reaching 0 C the water starts to freeze. Carrying out similar experiments at other pressures come to the OC wrestle , separates the liquid water from the ice field . This twist around is the veer of sense of remainder solid state liquid , or break up disregard indicates those pairs of value ​​of temperature and pressure at which the ice and liquid water are at equipoise . pathetic horizontally to the left in the pair (bottom graph ) , alike come to 0V bend dexter . Etokrivaya balance solid sostoyaniepar or sublimation curve . She meet those pairs of set ​​of pressure to a temperature at which ice is in equilibrium and travel . every last(predicate) troika curves sweep at the point O. The coordinates of this tochkieto grotesque pair of value ​​of temperature and pressure . in which depose be in equilibrium through all three phases : ice, liquid water and steam. It is called the triple point . The break up curve was canvas to very high pressures , in this area revealed several modifications of ice (on a map not shown).